Scintillation Properties

Created by Stephen Derenzo, Martin Boswell, Marvin Weber, and Kathleen Brennan at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with support from the Department of Homeland Security.

This website is intended to provide the measured scintillation properties of many inorganic materials, and citations to the published papers in which the measurements were reported. It is a living document that will grow as additional measurements are published. Please report any errors or omissions to Stephen Derenzo.

It is intended for two main uses:

1. as a web-accessible reference to useful scintillation detector materials, and


2. as an aid in developing fundamental theories or empirical relations between basic material properties and scintillation performance. To this end both strong and weak scintillators have been included, as well as those where sensitive measurements have not detected any scintillation emissions. A truly predictive theory must be able to predict both strong and weak scintillators.

Whenever possible, emissions from different mechanisms have been listed separately. These include emissions from luminescent activator ions (e.g. Ce3+, Eu2+), from self-trapped excitons (SX) (e.g. BaF2), from excitons bound to an isoelectronic hole trap (BX) (e.g. CdS:Te), from charge-transfer emissions (CX) (e.g. CaWO4), and from core-valence transitions (CV) (e.g. BaF2). In scintillator materials that do not contain a luminescent ion and where a specific emission mechanism has not been reported, the designation self-activated (SA) is used. Materials containing a luminescent ion as a major constituent (e.g. Bi3+ in Bi4Ge3O12 and Ce3+ in CeF3) are listed according to that ion, rather than as self-activated.

All measurements are at room temperature, unless otherwise noted.

Only measurements made with ionizing radiation (e.g. electrons, x-rays, gamma-rays) have been included. Many strongly fluorescent materials are poor scintillators. In these, photons can excite luminescent ions efficiently, but the electrons and holes produced by ionizing radiation are unable to do the same.

Measurements of crystalline powders have been included because: (1) Many scintillation materials are useful in powder form (e.g. x-ray intensifier screens), and (2) A material in powder form can provide a qualitative measurement of the luminosity, and good measurements of the time response and the scintillation emission spectrum. It is hoped that powders with promising data will prompt the production of single crystals that can be used for good measurements of luminosity and proportionality.

Materials with a dominant decay time greater than 10 microseconds have not been included, since these would be less useful in nuclear radiation detectors.

It should be noted that published luminosity values generally increase over time as improved crystals become available.

The creation and maintenance of this website is part of a DHS project to discover new inorganic scintillators by the rapid synthesis and characterization of candidate materials in microcrystal (powder) form. If you wish to participate by suggesting candidate materials, please contact Stephen Derenzo.

Formula	Mechanism	Density (g/cc)	Luminosity (photons/MeV)	Time (ns)	Emission Peak (nm)	Energy Resolution (% fwhm @ 662 keV)	Comment	Reference
Ba2Ca(BO3)2:Ce	Ce3+	4.7	5,100	24	400		7% Ce on Ba site + 7% Na	Lin2007
Ba3Gd(BO3)3:Ce	Ce3+	5.3	370		313; 418		4% Ce	Han2007
Ba5(PO4)3F:Ce	Ce3+	4.76	400		358		crystalline powder, 40% Ce	Zeng2006
BaBr2	SA	4.72	19,300 (10 us)	2,200 + slow	425; 475	5.4		Selling2007a
BaBr2:Ce	Ce3+		5,000 (0.5 us); 10,300 (10 us)	80 (27%); 490 (22%); 2,100 (51%)	345; 370	9.8	1% Ce; 1% K	Selling2007b
BaBr2:Eu	Eu2+	4.72	15,700 (10 us)	585	404	11.0		Selling2007a
BaCl2	SA	3.89	1,700 (10 us)	980 + slow	420; 475	17.4		Selling2007a
BaCl2:Ce	Ce3+		2,000 (0.5 us); 5,200 (10 us)	7 (6%); 190 (11%); 1,500 (83%)	349; 373	16.2	1% Ce; 1% K	Selling2007b
BaCl2:Eu	Eu2+	3.89	19,400 (10 us)	390	402	8.8		Selling2007a
BaF2	SX	4.88	10,000	620	310		assumes 1 photoelectron per 5 photons	Laval1983
BaF2	CV	4.88	2,000	0.6	220		assumes 1 photoelectron per 5 photons	Laval1983
BaF2	SX	4.88	9,950				assumes 1 photoelectron per 5 photons	Holl1988
BaF2	CV	4.88	1,300	<1 ns	220		4.4% Ce; Luminosity 3% of NaI(Tl) with Bialkali PMT	Melcher1989
BaF2	SX	4.88	3,900	340; 920	310		Luminosity 9% of NaI(Tl) with Bialkali PMT	Melcher1989
BaF2	CV	4.88	1,400	0.8	195; 220		4.4% Ce; Luminosity 3% of NaI(Tl) with Bialkali PMT	VanEijk1993
BaF2	CV	4.88		0.12 (15%); 0.78 (85%)				Derenzo2000
BaF2	SX	4.88	11,000			11.4		Sakai1987
BaF2:Ce	Ce3+	4.88	13,000	47; 260	320		0.2% Ce; luminosity 114% of undoped	Visser1991
BaF2:Ce	Ce3+	4.88	2.200	50	360		Luminosity 5% of NaI(Tl) with Bialkali PMT	Melcher1989
BaHfO3:Ce	Ce3+	8.3	40,000	25 + slow	400		transparent ceramic	VanLoef2007
BaI2	SA	5.15	2,600 (0.5 us); 4,600 (10 us)	590 (71%); 2,200 (29%)	550			Selling2007b
BaI2:Ce	SA	5.15	2,600 (10 us)	610 + slow	530		0.1% Ce but only slow SA emission detected	Selling2007a
BaI2:Ce	Ce3+	5.15	not detected				0.1% Ce	Selling2007a
BaI2:Eu	Eu2+	5.15	3,800 (10 us)	510 + slow	425			Selling2007a
BaI2:Eu	Eu2+	5.1	>30,000	< 1,000	420			Cherepy2008
BaLu2F8	CV	6.94	400	1+slow	313			VantSpijker1999a
BaLu2F8:Ce	Ce3+	6.94	870	35 + slow	330			VantSpijker1999a
BaMgF4	CV	4.5	1,000		190; 220			VanEijk1993
BaY2F8:Ce	Ce3+	4.97	980	46 + slow	329		9.9% Ce concentration	VantSpijker1999a
BeO	SX	2.86	6,500	18	250		15% of NaI(Tl)	Ogorodnikov1996
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13	8,200					Holl1988
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13		300	480			Weber1973
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13	8,080					Mares2004
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13	8,500					Moszynski1997a
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13		300	485			Grabmaier1984
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13	7,610					deHaas2005
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13	10,600			9.05		Sakai1987
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.1		100 (12%) 300 (79%) 1000 (4%)	460		crystalline powder	Porter2008
Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)	Bi3+	7.13	7,200		510			Haas2008
Bi4Si3O12 (BSO)	Bi3+	6.80	2,000	100	480	30	10,000 ph/Mev and 2,000 ns at 185K	Kobayashi1983
Bi4Si3O12 (BSO)	Bi3+	6.80		105 ave 3.7 (7.5%); 28.8 (9.6%); 116.8 (87.5%)	470	24		Harada2001
Bi4Si3O12:Ce	Bi3+	6.80	1,200*	86 ave 2.8 (7.4%); 27.1 (9.2%); 99.8 (83.4%)	470	29	0.1% Ce; *luminosity 60% of undoped	Harada2001
BiBaO2Br	Bi3+	6.71	2,200	100 (21%) 300 (54%) 700 (12%)	500		crystalline powder; luminosity 0.27 x BGO	Porter2008
BiBaO2Cl	Bi3+	6.36	6,600	100 (2%) 300 (41%) 600 (23%)	491		crystalline powder; luminosity 0.81x BGO	Porter2008
BiF3:Ce	Ce3+	7.9	not detected
BiSrO2Cl	Bi3+	6.10	2,000	50 (28%) 200 (35%) 300 (14%)	431		crystalline powder; luminosity 0.24 x BGO	Porter2008
Ca4YO(BO3)3:Ce	Ce3+		110		390; 420		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
Ca5(PO4)3F:Ce	Ce3+	3.20	3,200		354, 412		crystalline powder, 2.5% Ce	Zeng2006
CaBPO5:Ce	Ce3+	3.2	1,310	19.5			0.5% Ce	Pierron2003
CaF2:Eu	Eu2+	3.18	24,000					Holl1988
CaI2	SA	3.96	86,000	550	410			Hofstadter1964b
CaI2:Eu	Eu2+	3.96	86,000	790	470			Hofstadter1964b
CaI2:Tl	Tl+	3.96	42,000	1,100	420			Hofstadter1964b
CaLaB7O13:Ce	Ce3+		220		291; 309; 330; 360		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
CaLaB7O13:Eu	Eu2+		not significant				crystalline powder	Knitel2000
CaWO4	CX	6.1	15,000-25,000	8,000	425		Luminosity 90% of CdWO4	Zdesenko2005
CaWO4	CX	6.1		1,400 (30%); 9,200 (70%)				Mikhailik2007
CaYBO3:Eu	Eu2+		not significant				crystalline powder	Knitel2000
CdF2	SX	6.4	170	7.1	520;580			Jones1962
CdF2	SA	6.6	1100	4.8 (29%); 24 (28%); 78 (43%)	420		crystalline powder	Derenzo1990
CdS:In	In3+	4.8		<1	519		fast phosphor	Lehmann1966
CdS:In	In3+	4.8		0.2	520		fast n-type phosphor	Derenzo2005
CdS:In,Te	In3+, Te2- BT	4.8		3.3	630		fast n-type phosphor	Derenzo2005
CdS:Te	Te2- BX	4.8	17,000	270+slow	640; 580			Schotanus1992
CdWO4	SA	7.9	27,000	12,000	495			Moszynski2005
CdWO4	CX	7.9	15,300					Holl1988
CdWO4	CX	7.9	7,800	5,000; 20,000	480		Luminosity 18% of NaI(Tl) with Bialkali PMT	Melcher1989
CdWO4	CX	7.9		8,900	480			Grabmaier1984
CdWO4	CX	7.9	12,200			8.0		Sakai1987
CeBr3	Ce3+	5.2	68,000	17	371			Shah2005
CeCl3	Ce3+	3.9	46,000	25 + slow	350	3.4		vanLoef2001b
CeCl3(CH3OH)4	Ce3+	H16 C4 Ce1 Cl3 O4	16,600	64.4 (3%); 1,660 (7%)	364	11.4		Boatner2008
CeF3	Ce3+	6.16	2,400					Wojtowicz1994
CeF3	Ce3+	6.16	4,400	3; 26.5				Moses1990
CeF3	Ce3+	6.16	4,000	2; 31	310; 340			Anderson1989
CeF3	Ce3+	6.16	4,000	27	340	20		Moses1989
CeF3:Lu	Lu3+	6.16	8,000		290			Villora2005
CeP5O14	Ce3+		4,000					Wojtowicz1994
Cs2LiLuCl6:Ce	Ce3+	3.9	7,000	29.4	370; 410		0.5% Ce	Bessiere2006
Cs2LiYBr6:Ce	Ce3+	4.15	24,000	85 (39%); 2,500		7.0	1% Ce; 88,000 photons/neutron	Bessiere2004
Cs2LiYCl6	SA	3.31	6,535 (1 us); 22,420 (10 us)	6,600	305			Combes1999
Cs2LiYCl6	CV	3.31	660	2	250			Bessiere2005a
Cs2LiYCl6	SA	3.31	7,000 (1us); 22,00 (10 us)	7,000				Bessiere2005a
Cs2LiYCl6	CV	3.31	1,700	4				Bessiere2004
Cs2LiYCl6:Ce	Ce3+	3.31	9,565 (1 us); 18,400 (10 us)	600; 6000	372; 400			Combes1999
Cs2LiYCl6:Ce	Ce3+	3.31	21,000	35 + slow	490	6	0.5% Ce	vanLoef2005b
Cs2LiYCl6:Ce	Ce3+	3.31	10,200 (1us); 21,600 (10 us)	2,800	370		0.1% Ce	Bessiere2005a
Cs2LiYCl6:Ce	Ce3+	3.31	21,600			8.0	0.1% Ce; 70,000 photons/neutron	Bessiere2004
Cs2LiYCl6:Pr	Pr3+	3.31	10,000		315	15	0.2% Pr	vanLoef2005b
Cs2NaLaBr6:Ce	Ce3+		9,000 (0.5 us); 17,000 (10 us)	61 (32%) 450 (11%) 1,900 (57%)	382; 414	11.3	0.5% Ce	Birowosuto2006d
Cs2NaLuBr6:Ce	Ce3+		5,200 (0.5 us); 5,800 (10 us)	61 (65%) 350 (35%)	389; 422	10.5	0.5% Ce	Birowosuto2006d
Cs2NaYBr6:Ce	Ce3+		5,000 (0.5 us); 9,500 (10 us)	61 (26%) 350 (23%) 2,700 (51%)	385; 420	6.3	0.3% Ce	Birowosuto2006d
Cs3Gd2I9:Ce	Ce3+	4.73	2,200 (0.5 us); 2,600 (10 us)				1% Ce	Birowosuto2007b
Cs3LaBr6	SA	4.55	1,600 (0.5 us); 2,100 (10 us)	250 (92%) 2,100 (8%)	394	13.6		Birowosuto2007b
Cs3LaBr6:Ce	Ce3+	4.55	5,800 (0.5 us); 10,400 (10 us)	46 (18%) 270 (42%) 2,100 (40%)	390; 425	30	0.5% Ce	Birowosuto2007b
Cs3Lu2I9	SA	4.82	4,000 (0.5 us); 6,600 (10 us)	770	390; 608	19.2		Birowosuto2007b
Cs3Lu2I9:Ce	Ce3+	4.82	13,600 (0.5 us; 22,800 (10 us)	18 (2%); 42 (6%) 120 (40%); 510 (52%)		9	2% Ce	Birowosuto2007b
Cs3LuI6	SA	4.78	1,200 (0.5 us); 1,400 (10 us)		390; 608			Birowosuto2007b
Cs3LuI6:Ce	Ce3+	4.78	1,400 (0.5 us); 1,500 (10 us)		429; 471		0.5% Ce	Birowosuto2007b
CsBr	CV	4.4	20	0.07	250			VanEijk1993
CsCaCl3	CV	2.9	1,400	< 1	250; 305			VanEijk1993
CsCl	CV	4.0	900	0.9	240; 270			VanEijk1993
CsF	CV	4.64	1,900	2-4	390			Moszynski1983
CsF	CV	4.1	2,000	2.9	390			VanEijk1993
CsGd2F7:Ce	Ce3+		7,300	20 + 3,000	325		20% Ce	Schaart1995
CsGd2F7:Ce	Ce3+	5.5	6,000	~30 (18%) + 3,000	340	13.5	10% Ce	Dorenbos1993
CsGd2F7:Pr	Pr3+	5.5	d-f not observed				2% Pr	Dorenbos1993
CsI		4.51				16.7		Sakai1987
CsI:Eu	Eu2+	4.51	19,100					Holl1988
CsI:Na	Na+	4.51	38,000					Holl1988
CsI:Na	Na+	4.51	49,000					deHaas2005
CsI:Na	Na+	4.51	43,000			7.4		Sakai1987
CsI:Na	Na+	4.51	49,000		425			Haas2008
CsI:Tl	Tl+	4.51	55,000					Holl1988
CsI:Tl	Tl+	4.51	61,000					Moszynski1997a
CsI:Tl	Tl+	4.51		980	530			Grabmaier1984
CsI:Tl	Tl+	4.51	56,000					deHaas2005
CsI:Tl	Tl+	4.51	56,000			5.7		Sakai1987
CsI:Tl	Tl+	4.51	57,000		560			Haas2008
CsLuP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	4.49	8,000	4.4 (14.1%); 19.8(85.9%)	393		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
CsY2F7:Ce	Ce3+		1,400	32	333		5% Ce	Schaart1995
CsYP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	3.57	8,000	5.2 (16.9%); 22.2(83.1%)	393		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
(Gd-Y)3Al5O12:Ce (GYAG)	Ce3+	6	11,000	90 + >1,000	550	8	ceramic; 0.5% Ce	Yanagida2007
Gd2O3:Ce	Ce3+	7.6	Not detected
Gd2Si2O7:Ce (GPS)	Ce3+	5.5	30,000-40,000	46	372; 394	6	luminosity 2.5 x GSO, 5 x BGO	Kawamura2007
Gd2SiO5:Ce (GSO)	Ce3+	6.71	12,500	56; 600	430	7.0		Melcher1996
Gd2SiO5:Ce (GSO)	Ce3+	6.71	2,800			7.8		Sakai1987
Gd2SiO5:Ce (GSO)	Ce3+	6.71	7,400			9.2		Balcerzyk2000b
GdAlO3:Ce	Ce3+	7.5	9,000	30; 180	335; 358		0.75% Ce	Dorenbos1995b
GdB3O6:Ce	Gd3+		200		311		crystalline powder; Ce3+ to Gd3+ transfer	Knitel2000
GdBO3:Ce	Ce3+		10,000		385; 415		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
GdBr3	Ce3+	4.55	28,000 (0.5 us); 44,000 (10 us)	20 (26%) 212 (65%) 13,500 (9%)	460		2% Ce	vanLoef2001a
GdI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.2	89,000	33	563		2% Ce	Glodo2008
GdI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.2	44,000	45 (70%); 250 (24%); 2,000 (6%)	560	4.7	1% Ce; 42,000 ph/MeV at 600 K	Birowosuto2008a
GdOBr:Ce	Ce3+		89% of ZnS:Ag	60	405, 440		phosphor, 1% Ce	Buchanan1981
GdOCl:Ce	Ce3+		75% of ZnS:Ag	36	365, 410		phosphor, 1% Ce	Buchanan1981
HfF4	SA	7.1	300	29	350		crystalline powder	Derenzo1990
K2CeBr5:Ce	Ce3+		50,000			6.3	10% Ce	Hawrami2008
K2CeCl5:Ce	Ce3+	2.9	30,000		370	5.8		Roy2007
K2LaBr5:Ce	Ce3+	3.9	40,000 (10 us)	50	359; 391		10% Ce	vanLoef2005
K2LaCl5	SX	2.89	900	3,700	400		10% Ce	VantSpijker1999b
K2LaCl5:Ce	Ce3+	2.89	49,300; 22,600 (0.5 us)	80 + slow	347; 372		10% Ce	VantSpijker1999b
K2LaCl5:Ce	Ce3+	2.9	23,000 (0.5 us); 30,000 (10 us)		344; 372		10% Ce	vanLoef2005
K2LaI5:Ce	Ce3+	4.4	53,000 (0.5 us); 55,000 (10 us)	24	401; 439		10% Ce	vanLoef2005
K2LaI5:Ce	Ce3+	4.4	29,000		340; 380	5.1	10% Ce; 50% in 115 ns	vantSpijker1995
K2YF5	CV	3.6	300	1.3	170			VanEijk1993
K2YF5:Pr	Pr3+	3.1	6.900	20 (5%); + slow	240		2% Pr	Dorenbos1993
KCaF3	CV	3.0	1,400	< 2	140-190			VanEijk1993
KI:Tl	Tl+	3.1	9,700					Holl1988
KLu2F7	CV	7,5	270	< 2	165			VanEijk1993
KLuF4	CV	5.2	170	1.3	170-200			VanEijk1993
KLuP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	3.87	16,000	6.3 (14.9%); 27.2(85.1%)	394		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
KMgF3	CV	3.2	1,400	1.3	140-190			VanEijk1993
KYF4	CV	3.6	1,000	1.9	170			VanEijk1993
KYP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	3.11	10,000	6.7 (22.6%); 23.2(77.4%)	380		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
La2HfO7:Ti	Ti4+	7.9	13,000	10,000	475		transparent ceramic; 2% Ti4+	Ji2005
La2O2S:Ce	Ce3+	5.82	Not detected					Yen1996
La2O3:Ce	Ce3+	6.6	Not detected					Yen1996
La2O3:Ce	Ce3+	6.6	Not detected					vanderKolk2007
LaAlO3:Ce	Ce3+	6.5	Not detected					vanderKolk2007
LaB3O6:Ce	Ce3+		7,700		300; 320		crystalline powder; 0.05% Ce	Knitel2000
LaBO3:Bi	Bi3+			800	365			Blasse1968
LaBO3:Ce	Ce3+		600		355; 380		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
LaBr(3-x)I(x):Ce	Ce3+	5.47	42,000(0.5 us); 45,000(10 us)	31(70%); 244(30%)	400; 434	4.1	all entries for x = 0.75 and 5% Ce	Birowosuto2008
LaBr(3-x)I(x):Ce	Ce3+	5.51	55,000(0.5 us); 58,000(10 us)	28	472; 500	14.6	all entries for x = 1.5 and 5% Ce	Birowosuto2008
LaBr(3-x)I(x):Ce	Ce3+	5.60	22,000(0.5us); 22,000(10 us)	12	460; 510	35.9	all entries for x = 2.25 and 5% Ce	Birowosuto2008
LaBr3:Ce	Ce3+	5.1	61,000	30	356; 387	2.9	0.5% Ce	vanLoef2002
LaBr3:Ce	Ce3+	5.1	73,000			2.7-3.2	sizes 5-76 mm; 5% Ce	Menge2007
LaBr3:Ce	Ce3+	5.1	74,000		375		10% Ce	Haas2008
LaCeF6	Ce3+		4,500					Wojtowicz1994
LaCl3	SX	3.8	34,000	3,480	400			vanLoef2001b
LaCl3:Ce	Ce3+	3.8	49,000	25 + slow	330; 352	3.1	10% Ce	vanLoef2001b
LaCl3:Ce	Ce3+	3.8	48,000		350		5% Ce	Haas2008
LaF3:Ce	Ce3+	5.9	2,200	3; 26.5	290; 340		10% Ce	Moses1990
LaF3:Nd	Nd3+	5.94	2,000	6.3	173		0.03% Nd	Schotanus1988
LaF3:Nd	Nd3+	5.94	270		173		10.6% Nd	Dorenbos1996
LaI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.6	200-300	1-2	452; 502		luminosity 16,000 photons/MeV at 100K	Bessiere2005b
LaMgB5O10:Ce	Ce3+		1,300		310; 317		crystalline powder; 0.05% Ce	Knitel2000
LaOBr:Ce	Ce3+		38% of ZnS:Ag	38	460		phosphor, 1% Ce	Buchanan1981
LaOCl:Bi	Bi3+			1,600	345			Blasse1968
LaOCl:Ce	Ce3+		4.3% of ZnS:Ag	100	435		phosphor, 1% Ce	Buchanan1981
Li2CaSiO4:Ce	Ce3+	2.9	7,800	27.0			0.5% Ce	Pierron2003
Li3YCl6:Ce	Ce3+	2.45	3305 (1 us); 6185 (10 us)	250; 2,300	360; 385			Combes1999
Li6Gd(BO3)3:Ce	Ce3+		14,000		385; 415		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
Li6Y(BO3)3:Ce	Ce3+		1,200		388; 419		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
LiBaF3	CV	5.2	1,400	0.8	190; 230			VanEijk1993
LiBaF3	SX	5.24	1,600	6,000	300			Knitel1996
LiBaF3	CV	5.24	1,200	0.8	187; 225			Knitel1996
LiCaAlF6:Ce	Ce3+	3.0		50	280		6 ns rise time	Getkin2003
LiCaPO4:Ce	Ce3+	2.9	5,900	25.5			0.5% Ce	Pierron2003
LiI:Eu	Eu2+	4.08	15,000		475	7.5		Syntfeld2005
LiI:Eu	Eu2+	4.08		1,200				Murray1958
LiYSiO4:Bi	Bi3+				350			Blasse1968
(Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce (LYSO)	Ce3+		27,000		425			Haas2008
Lu(2-2x)Gd(2x)SiO5:Ce (LGSO)	Ce3+		20,000			12.4	x = 0.037 in crystal	Balcerzyk2000b
Lu(x)Gd(1-x)I3:Ce	Ce3+		78,400	29	540		x= 0.7; 2% Ce	Glodo2008
Lu(x)Y(1-x)I3:Ce	Ce3+		68,100	28	522		x= 0.7; 2% Ce	Glodo2008
Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce (LYSO)	Ce3+	7.1	34,000	41 + slow	397			Pidol2004
Lu2O2S:Ce	Ce3+	8.9	Not detected
Lu2O3:Ce	Ce3+	9.52	Not detected					Yen1996
Lu2O3:Ce	Ce3+	9.5	Not detected					vanderKolk2007
Lu2S3:Ce	Ce3+	6.25	28,000	32	592			VantSpijker1998
Lu2Si2O7:Ce (LPS)	Ce3+	6.2	23,000	30	380			Pauwels2000
Lu2Si2O7:Ce (LPS)	Ce3+	6.2	26,000	38	378			Pidol2004
Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO)	Ce3+	7.4	33,000	40	420			Melcher1992
Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO)	Ce3+	7.4	27,300					Moszynski1997a
Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO)	Ce3+	7.4	27,000	40	420	7.9		Melcher1996
Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO)	Ce3+	7.4		7 (1%); 38.8 (99%)			risetime: < 50 ps (88%); 350 ps (12%)	Derenzo2000
Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO)	Ce3+	7.4	29,000		425			Haas2008
Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO)	Ce3+	7.4	26,000			8.4		Balcerzyk2000b
Lu2SiO5:Pr	Pr3+	7.4	2,200 + slow	26	247			Nikl2006
Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG)	Ce3+	6.7	12,500					Mares2004
Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG)	Ce3+	6.7	5,606		510			Lempicki1995
Lu3Al5O12:Pr	Pr3+	6.7	17,000	21	310		0.14 % Pr	Ogino2006
Lu3Al5O12:Pr	Pr3+	6.7	16,000	26	308		0.25% Pr	Nikl2005
Lu3Al5O12:Pr	Pr3+	6.7	20,000	20 (68%); 455 (32%)			0.25% Pr	Ogino2006a
LuAlO3:Ce (LuAP)	Ce3+	8.34	11,400	16.5; 74	365		0.105% Ce	Moszynski1997b
LuAlO3:Ce (LuAP)	Ce3+	8.36	9,600	11; 28; 835	390			Moses1995
LuAlO3:Ce (LuAP)	Ce3+	8.34	11,300					Moszynski1997a
LuAlO3:Ce (LuAP)	Ce3+	8.34	20,500	17.9	365			Lempicki1995
LuBO3:Ce (Calcite)	Ce3+		10,800 (0.5 us); 12,000 (10 us)				5% Ce	Zhang1999
LuBO3:Ce (vaderite)	Ce3+		3,000 (0.5 us); 3,900 (10 us)				5% Ce	Zhang1999
LuBO3:Pr (Calcite)	Pr3+		4,200 (0.5 us); 7,300 (10 us)				1% Pr	Zhang1999
LuBO3:Pr (vaderite)	Pr3+		4,200 (0.5 us); 7,300 (10 us)				1% Pr	Zhang1999
LuBr3:Ce	Ce3+	5.2	26,000	32 + slow			0.76% Ce	vanLoef2003
LuCl3:Ce	Ce3+	4.0	6,600	46 + slow			0.45% Ce	vanLoef2003
LuI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.6	50,000	31 (69%); 400 (15%); 3000 (16%) + slow	475; 520			Glodo2005
LuI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.6	50,000	23-31	474		decay time depends on Ce3+ concentration	Shah2004
LuI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.6	76,000 (0.5 us; 98,000 (10 us)	complex	540		5% Ce	Birowosuto2006a
LuI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.68	76,000 (0.5 us; 98,000 (10 us)	complex	540	3.3	5% Ce	Birowosuto2006c
LuI3:Ce	Ce3+	5.6	115,000	28	522		2% Ce	Glodo2008
LuOBr:Ce	Ce3+				403, 432			Rabatin1982
LuOCl:Ce	Ce3+						weak x-ray luminescence reported	Rabatin1982
LuPO4:Ce	Ce3+	6.53	17,200	25	360			Lempicki1993
NaGd(PO3)4:Ce	Ce3+	3.62	21,000	12.4	313; 332		crystalline powder, 2.5% Ce	Zhong2007
NaI:Tl	Tl+	3.67	45,000		415	7.1		Sakai1987
NaI:Tl	Tl+	3.67	43,000					Holl1988
NaI:Tl	Tl+	3.67			415			Grabmaier1984
NaI:Tl	Tl+	3.67				5.6		Persyk1978
NaI:Tl	Tl+	3.67	44,000		415			Haas2008
NaLuP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	4.11	6,000	5.5 (17.7%); 20.4(82.3%)	370		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
PbCl2	Pb2+	5.9	230	2.9 (41%); 20 (32%); 179 (27%)	500		crystalline powder	Derenzo1990
PbCO3	Pb2+	6.6	760	5.6; 27; 155	475		Luminosity 16,000 photons/MeV at -40C	Moses1990
PbCO3	Pb2+	6.6	680	2.0 (22%); 15 (69%); 92 (9%)	432; 465		11,900 photons/MeV at -120C	Moses1991
PbFCl	Pb2+	7.11	1,700	4; 35	392; 420			Chen2004
PbSO4	Pb2+	6.4	4,900	1.8; 19; 95; 425	335		Luminosity 68,500 photons/MeV at -145C	Moses1992
PbSO4	Pb2+	6.4	10,000	1.85; 14.5; 125-150	340; 380			Zadneprovski2004
PbSO4	Pb2+	6.4		7.2 (21%); 35 (32%); 104 (39%); 656 (5.5%)		35		Zhang1994
PbWO4	CX	8.28	200	6	420		QRT	Annenkov2002
PbWO4	CX	8.2	300	2.5 (25%); 11 (29%); 98 (46%)	490		crystalline powder	Derenzo1990
PbWO4:Pr	Pr3+	8.2	250	2,000	480, 620, 640		1% Pr	Nikl2008
PrBr3:Ce	Ce3+	5.3	21,000	8 + 22	365; 395		20% Ce	Birowosuto2006b
PrF3	Pr3+	6.3		510	394			Villora2005
Rb2LiYBr6:Ce	Ce3+	3.82	23,000	42 (3%); 140 (23%); 1,600 (74%)	385; 420	4.7	0.5% Ce	Birowosuto2007a
RbCl	CV	2.8	1		190			VanEijk1993
RbF	CV	3.6	1700	1.3	203; 234			VanEijk1993
RbGd2Br7:Ce	Ce3+	4.8	56,000	45	430			Shah2002
RbGd2Br7:Ce	Ce3+	4.8	56,000	43	410	4.1	9.8% Ce	GuillotNoel1999b
RbLuP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	4.20	1,300	6.3 (23.2%); 24.0(76.8%)	393		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
RbYP2O7:Ce	Ce3+	3.27	7,000	8.8 (14.8%); 27.8(85.2%)	393		crystalline powder; 0.5% Ce	Yuan2007
ScBO3:Bi	Bi3+				300			Blasse1968
ScBO3:Ce	Ce3+		6,500		385; 420		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
Sr5(PO4)3F:Ce	Ce3+	4.17	340		342		crystalline powder, 25% Ce	Zeng2006
SrHfO3:Ce	Ce3+	6.7	40,000	42 + slow	410		transparent ceramic	VanLoef2007
SrI2:Eu	Eu2+	4.6	90,000	1,200	435	3.7		Cherepy2008
SrI2:Eu	Eu2+	4.6	40,000		430			Hofstadter1968
ThBr4	SX	5.8			405			Krupa1979
ThCl4	SX	4.6			345			Krupa1979
TlCl(Be,I)		7.0	1,000	200	465	42		Rosette1970
Y2O3	SX	5.04	15,480	28	370		36% of NaI:Tl	Ogorodnikov1996
Y2O3:Bi	Bi3+				410			Blasse1968
Y2O3:Ce	Ce3+	5.0	Not detected					Yen1996
Y2O3:Ce	Ce3+	5.0	Not detected					vanderKolk2007
Y2SiO5:Ce (YSO)	Ce3+	4.45	9,200	42	420	9.0		Melcher1996
Y2SiO5:Ce (YSO)	Ce3+	4.45	24,000			9.4		Balcerzyk2000b
Y2WO6:Bi	Bi3+			1,600	515			Blasse1968
Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG)	SX	4.55	11,610	100	260		27% of NaI:Tl	Ogorodnikov1996
Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG)	Ce3+	4.55	16,700					Moszynski1997a
Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG)	Ce3+	4.55				3.5		Selim2007
Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG)	Ce3+	4.55		119 + slow	300; 550		crystal; 0.1% Ce	Mihokova2007
Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG)	Ce3+	4.55		85 + slow	550		ceramic; 0.5% Ce	Mihokova2007
Y3Al5O12:Pr	Pr3+	6.7	16,000	14	320		0.25% Pr	Ogino2006
Y3Al5O12:Pr	Pr3+	4.55	8,000	18 (80%) + slow	300-400			Dorenbos1993
YAl3B4O12:Bi	Bi3+				290			Blasse1968
YAl3B4O12:Ce	Ce3+		5,700		344; 367		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35	16,200	27	347			Baryshevsky1991
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35	21,600					Mares2004
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35	18,000					Moszynski1997a
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35	20,100	24.2	365			Lempicki1995
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35	15,900					deHaas2005
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35		26 (90%); 67 (10%)			risetime: 240 ps	Derenzo2000
YAlO3:Ce (YAP)	Ce3+	5.35				4.4		Kapusta1999
YBa3B9O18	SA	3.9	1400	27	400			He2007
YBO3:Bi	Bi3+			1,000	328			Blasse1968
YBO3:Ce	Ce3+		10,000		390; 415		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
YI3:Ce	Ce3+	4.6	98,600	34	549		2% Ce	Glodo2008
YMgB5O10:Ce	Ce3+		330		305		crystalline powder	Knitel2000
YNbO4:Bi	Bi3+				465			Blasse1968
YOBr:Ce	Ce3+		61% of ZnS:Ag	65	405, 440		phosphor, 1% Ce	Buchanan1981
YOCl:Bi	Bi3+			1,400	400			Blasse1968
YOCl:Ce	Ce3+		52% of ZnS:Ag	34	365, 405		phosphor, 1% Ce	Buchanan1981
YOF:Bi	Bi3+				330			Blasse1968
YPO4:Bi	Bi3+			700	342			Blasse1968
YVO4:Bi	Bi3+			4,500	559			Blasse1968
ZnO:Ga	Ga3+	5.7		0.36 (35%); 0.82 (65%)			fast n-type phosphor, risetime < 40 ps	Derenzo2000
ZnO:Ga	Ga3+	5.7		<1	385		fast n-type phosphor	Lehmann1966
ZnSe:Te	Te2- BX	5.42	55,000	50,000	645			Schotanus1992
ZnWO4	CX	7.85	9,300	20,000				Holl1988
ZnWO4	CX	7.85		21,800	480			Grabmaier1984